Public Administration

List of chapters Introduction Background Problems of Government Action Program Analysis Conclusion Bibliography Footnotes Introduction For each sovereign state, there is a working government, which is liable for the organization of the state’s issues. The administration involves the authoritative, official, and the legal. The three arms of the legislature have the duty of dealing with the issues of the nation. Be that as it may, each arm of the legislature has independent and essential job in the reason for the government.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual analysis test on Public Administration: explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The official government as a rule includes the president and bureau clergymen while the authoritative branch contains the senate and House of Representatives. The legal branch individuals incorporate the Supreme Court and other subordinate government courts. The fundamental point of the three arms of the administration is to offer governing rules to dodge instances of syndication in the organization undertakings. For example, the enactment has the significant job of creation and going of laws that will be material to the state. Then again, the legal branch has the essential capacity of hearing cases that challenge enactment or requiring understanding of the law made by the enactment. In this sense, there are insignificant odds of open organization imposing business model. This investigation paper tries to investigate the issue of administration in governments1. The presentation of the paper will investigate whether the legislatures realize what they are doing and all the more thus, regardless of whether the residents should confide in their activities. For as far back as years, the interest for gifted administration has been on the ascent with different states participating in discusses and even war. The expanded journey for bona fide administration is obvious in the uprisings, in various nations and restrictions that surface after a specific government has been in power for quite a while. This examination paper will have a top to bottom glance at the requirement for administration and not governments. In getting administration, one needs to understand this contains what the legislature does. Administration of a state is a wide subject, which covers different part of the government’s open organization. Aside from what the legislature does, administration additionally includes the dynamic procedure. Each choice made by the legislature experiences a given methodology that must draw in the residents of the state. At the point when the administration practices its capacity as specified under the constitution of a state, demonstrations, leads, and made methods we can term the procedure as governance2. For this situation, administration can't exist without governments or governments can't work without administration. Administration is the procedure through which the admini stration functions.Advertising Looking for contextual investigation on open organization? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Governments have the job of dealing with the assets of the state by guaranteeing that their impartial sharing of the assets in the general public. Under open organization, administration will likewise incorporate the dynamic procedure as far as practicing force and taking other authoritative activities. A great many people relate governments with administration and majority rules system. This is critical in light of the fact that majority rules system includes esteeming singular residents paying little mind to their monetary and societal position. Individuals consider governments law based in light of the fact that they have the job of furnishing residents with the best consideration as far as their needs, prosperity, and goals. Similarly as some other type of the board, governments face different diffic ulties in their organization procedure. This causes individuals to have little trust in their activities and choices. Notwithstanding, there is a requirement for residents to have trust in the legislature on the grounds that the residents have the obligation choosing the political pioneers for office. The overflowing of disappointment and bafflement comes in when we choose pioneers basing on an inappropriate and ill-advised grounds. Choosing political pioneers call for picking the best individuals who can be proficient in the administration and organization of the state undertakings. All the more thus, the primary target of decisions is with the goal that residents can choose people who will have their requirements on a basic level and guarantee their prosperity is at standard. Thus, there is no explanation behind having governments without administration and there will be no reason for having administration alone. Issues connected to selfless administration differ in scope and from country to country. The term convenient administration is comprehensively utilized to show the practices and procedures that support improved working of the administration instrument. There are exceptional attributes, which portray the systems by which different exercises associated with administration are done. The accompanying eight qualities are the main pointers of sound administration in any state organization. Value and comprehensiveness, responsibility, interest, and agreement direction structure the characteristics of model administration. What's more, we have viability and proficiency, rule of law, responsiveness, and transparencyAdvertising We will compose a custom contextual investigation test on Public Administration: explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More . In the occasion, the above characteristics need a given government, at that point there is no calculable administration and the state’s residents will revolt their organization. It is importan t for residents to guarantee that their administration has the above characteristics all together for their necessities and prosperity to be provided food for completely. Foundation The worry of improvement organization is the manner by which musings and components of general organization can be utilized as components of social and money related headway. Open, managerial lifestyle is changing to be increasingly adaptable, critical thinking, imaginative, and ambitious. The adjustment in open organization happens basically in the thoughts and components that are answerable for the different exercises. In the cutting edge open organization, the attention is on the procedures of the various executions and all the more thus, how the concerned gatherings will get and feel about the data. The new thoughts and components take a gander at the procedures of activities and these will greatly affect the budgetary and social advancement of the applicable association. Social and monetary advancem ents are the foremost worries of people and open organization ought to consistently endeavor to accomplish these desires. Social improvement is similarly a wide subject that contains diverse and multifaceted marvel. In this perspective, there are both inward and outside elements influencing the advancement of social change. The open organization thoughts and instrument will affect the ecological, biotic, social, segment, ideological, and mechanical variables. Appropriate open organization thoughts and systems will positively affect the above parts of life henceforth the society’s contentment3. In the previous years, the conventional marvels of open organization were productivity, planning, viability, and managerial procedures. The improvement organization is like the conventional open organization. Be that as it may, its interests are the manner by which the administration executes its guidelines, standards, and approaches. The two kinds of organization differ in their target s, multifaceted nature, and extension. Customary open organization needed consistency the usage of activities and procedures. The significant highlights of customary open organization incorporate restraining infrastructure of administration arrangement by an administration arrangement of organization. This imposing business model negatively affected the execution of the governments’ standards, rules, and policies.Advertising Searching for contextual investigation on open organization? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Also, the conventional open organization prompted bureaucratic organizations with a solid bowed on control by rules and rules. The similitude in the new open organization comes at the arrangement and advancement on proficient benefits premise. The current society is enthusiastic about the exhibition of its political pioneers and with the goal for this to be conceivable, the chosen chiefs must be proficient. A developing society of designating and choosing proficient pioneers is representative of people’s requirement for appropriate administration. Both conventional and new organizations have away from of power and locales that is an imperative component in administration. The improvement organization is the term that generally portrays the way a country’s government acts to have the option to advance in the improvement by accomplishing certain objectives. As per its definition, improvement organization is activity situated objective arranged, and change arranged. The im plementers of advancement organization recommend that the procedure centers around plans, arrangements, projects, and undertakings. This attention gets compelling on state building and financial improvement. What's more, utilization of improvement organization targets achieving financial destinations through the ability and capability of government employees. In the previous years, conventionalist way to deal with open organization made postponement, inflexibility, and delaying among law executions and makers. Advancement way to deal with state undertakings guarantees that the change center is towards a characterized bearing. There are different reasons, which make improvement organization more positive than the conventionalist way to deal with organization. Eminent is that each improvement tasks have a target to achieve in a characterized period and with assigned assets. The accomplishment of these targets ought to similarly be trailed by appro

The Palestine Liberation Organization Essay Example for Free

The Palestine Liberation Organization Essay Palestine is a memorable locale in the Middle East containing Israel and the Israeli involved West Bank and Gaza Strip. The Palestine Liberation Organization, a political element, had been endeavoring to build up a different state for the Palestinian Arabs. In the year 1948, Israel was made in that area. This rise of the Israeli state and resulting wars among it and a few Arab nations, served to uproot an enormous number of Palestinians. In the year 1964, the Palestine Liberation Organization or PLO was established, so as to speak to the requests of Palestinians for the making of a different state for them. By then, Arab military powers were uniquely fruitless in crushing Israel, in the Six Day War of 1967. Under those conditions, the PLO rose as an elective force, and increased provincial and global significance (Stein, 2007). A profound established disdain has existed between the PLO and Israel, and this went on for quite a long while. In any case, somewhere in the range of 1993 and 1998, both the PLO and Israel went into a few understandings, which moved every single Palestinian town and urban communities that were heavily influenced by Israel to the Palestinian organization. Additionally, the Israelis moved Arab predominant locales in the West Bank and Gaza Strip to Palestine. As per these understandings, the Palestinian National Authority or PNA was shaped to administer these moved Palestinian zones. In the year 1994 the PNA assumed total responsibility for the authoritative and arranging jobs of the PLO, concerning these recently moved regions. In that capacity, the PLO stayed a defender of Palestinian premiums in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. It likewise speaks to Palestinian interests in global understandings and arrangements. The PLO and Israel have kept on residual foes, notwithstanding discretionary dealings between them (Stein, 2007). The basic target of the PLO was the demolition of Israel. In the year 1969, Yasser Arafat turned into the administrator of the PLO. In the year 1970, Jordan removed the PLO from its domain, and the PLO moved itself in Lebanon and set up its base of tasks there and began to assault Israel. It assaulted Israel in 1978 and in 1982. In 1982, it pulled back from Beirut and moved to Tunisia. Yasser Arafat’s authority of the PLO was tested a few times previously, during and after the Intifada. Be that as it may, he remained the preeminent pioneer of PLO. In 1988, Arafat surrendered psychological warfare and suspended fear based oppressor assaults against Israel. In this way, the PLO was perceived as the umbrella gathering that spoke to Palestinian interests and the Palestinian state. Arafat turned into the pioneer of the Palestine National Authority in 1996 (Palestine Liberation Organization, 2001). The PLO contains three significant branches; and these are the fifteen part Executive Committee, which incorporates agents from the fedayeen; the Central Committee including sixty individuals; and the Palestine National Council, which has 500 and ninety †nine individuals. The PLO has a few offices and organizations, which offer military types of assistance, wellbeing administrations, data to the general population, account, social government assistance, training, and other authoritative administrations. After the production of the Palestine National Authority in 1994, it has assumed control over the obligations and duties of the Palestinian individuals, in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (Stein, 2007). The PLO was shaped, so as to battle against Israel and to propel it to pull back from Palestine. In any case, it couldn't join all the Palestinian gatherings around then. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, which was under the authority of George Habash, stayed a free gathering, and Yasser Arafat of al-Fatah turned into the incomparable pioneer of the PLO, which propelled a few fear based oppressor activities against Israel. It murdered eleven Israeli competitors at the Munich Olympics in 1972. In the year 1982, Lebanon ousted PLO from its nation. In Tunisia, in 1988, the PLO built up a parliament estranged abroad for the recently proclaimed territory of Palestine. In 1988, Arafat propelled harmony and tact activities, as an introduction to exchanges with Israel. The United States bolstered the PLO in these endeavors, and in 1993, Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin consented to an arrangement, after mystery dealings. From that point, the PLO surrendered fear based oppression and respected the privilege of Israel to exist as a different state, ensuing to Israel’s withdrawal of its powers from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. In 1995, the Palestinians accomplished freedom and self-rule. The harmony procedure endured a mishap, on the grounds that the Hamas kept on assaulting Israel and the last neglected to pull back its soldiers. In 1998, the PLO and Israel had marked a land †for †security agreement. In 2000, US harmony endeavors finished in disappointment, and there was ceaseless brutality on the two sides (Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 2003). The PLO is made out of a few gatherings, and each of these has its own authors and authoritative system. The pioneers of a portion of these gatherings had tested the initiative of Arafat. A few gatherings had been marked as rejectionist bunches as they would not perceive the September 13, 1993 PLO †Israel accord. They likewise restricted break understandings went into by the PLO and Israel. These rejectionist bunches incorporate the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine or PFLP, drove by George Habash, which is a Marxist gathering. Resulting to the 1993 Israel †Palestinian Declaration of Principles understanding, the PFLP pulled back from the PLO. Another association was the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine †General Command or the PFLP-GC that had been established by Ahmad Jibril. It was a Damascus based gathering, with a genius †Syrian group, which pulled back from the PLO. Nayif Hawatmeh had established the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine or DFLP, an accomplice of the PLO alliance. It was a Marxist association that had joined the PLO in the year 1999. In addition, the Palestine Liberation Front or PLF, drove by Abu Abbas, proceeded in the PLO alliance (Katzman, 2002). The PFLP, the PFLP-GC, and the PLF were radical gatherings that had enjoyed fear monger acts against Israel, resulting to the 1993 Declaration of Principles. These three fanatic gatherings were named the Foreign Terrorist Organizations. The Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, DFLP, was sorted as a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the State Department in its first FTO list distributed in 1997. Be that as it may, at the command of Arafat, and after it had acknowledged the harmony with Israel; it was prohibited from the rundown of FTO’s in 1999. Other alliance bunches in the PLO that were not marked as FTOs incorporated the As †Saiqa, the Arab Liberation Front, which was a genius †Iraq group gathering, the Popular Struggle Front, the People’s Party, once in the past known as the Palestinian Communist Party, and the Democratic Union that was known by its initials FIDA (Katzman, 2002). The course of events of significant occasions throughout the entire existence of the PLO †Israel relationship has been affixed underneath: December 1968: On the 28th of December 1968, Israeli commandoes assaulted the Beirut International Airport. In this activity, in excess of twelve planes were vigorously harmed, while some of them were totally obliterated. This activity was propelled in reprisal to the assaults on an Israeli non military personnel trip at the Athens air terminal in Greece. In this assault, two Palestinian nationals were accused of having assaulted a plane in Athens. This assault had brought about the demise of an Israeli traveler (Timeline: Decades of contention in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). November 1969: Yasser Arafat and the Lebanese authority †in †boss, Emile Bustani, met in Cairo and sanctioned an understanding. Under the conditions of that understanding Lebanon needed to perceive the Palestinian transformation. That understanding permitted Palestinians and the Lebanese to together battle against Israel without trading off Lebanon’s government assistance and sway. Despite the fact that the understanding was made for a long time of joint battle, Lebanon escinded it in 1987 (Timeline: Decades of contention in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). 1970-1971: Jordan removed the PLO following a serious fight in their nation, which had prompted the passing of thousands of individuals. Along these lines, the PLO moved its base of activities to Lebanon and mounted assaults against Israel from Lebanon. A fanatic Palestinian psychological oppressor group gathering, Black September, joined the PLO alliance. In September 1970, Jordan started a military crackdown on Palestinians (Timeline: Decades of contention in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). 1972: The fear monger bunch Black September assaulted Israeli competitors at the Munich Olympics in Germany. In these assaults two Israelis were slaughtered and nine Israeli competitors taken as prisoners. The fear mongers requested the arrival of Palestinian detainees in return for these prisoners. Israel would not acknowledge these conditions and a counter assault was mounted by the West German commandoes, during which four fear mongers and one police officer were killed (Timeline: Decades of contention in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). April 1973: In a secret activity, the future Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, drove a group of Israeli commandoes, in women’s clothing and killed three conspicuous PLO pioneers in Beirut (Timeline: Decades of contention in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). 975: There was savage common war in Lebanon between the Palestinians and genius †Palestinian Lebanese aggressor gatherings, and Lebanon’s Christian activist gatherings. They battled each other for a long time, until 1990, when the common war finished formally (Timeline: Decades of contention in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). 1976: Syria sent its peacekeeping powers in Lebanon to help Lebanese specialis ts to end the war. The

Is a Joint Bank Account a Wise Financial Move

Is a Joint Bank Account a Wise Financial Move Is a Joint Bank Account a Wise Financial Move? Is a Joint Bank Account a Wise Financial Move?Pooling incomes and expenses into a single set of bank accounts makes sense for a lot of couplesâ€"but not for all of them.When you decide to wed or simply combine households with your partner, financial matters move to the forefront. Cohabitation can help couples save money on living expenses, but bills remain. How do you and your loved one divvy up who pays what?Traditionally, you and your partner opened joint checking and savings accounts to pay the monthly bills. However, depending on the unique economic situations of you and your partner as well as your personalities, combining income in one account can cause more headaches than it solves.Here are the options you and your beloved have when deciding if a joint bank account is a wise financial move.Understand your options.When you and your love take the plunge into marriage or cohabitation, its important to understand the bank account options you have:Joint checking and savings. You ca n go the route of pooling your income into joint checking and savings accounts. Many couples choosing to go this route state it makes them feel closer and builds trust. It also bolsters convenience, as you wont have to wait for your sweeties OK to go grocery shopping or pay the electric bill.Keeping everything separate. Of course, no law says you have to combine your income with your partner. If you already have an established checking and savings account at a financial institution you love, theres no need to stop using them. The convenience of this method includes not needing to fill out new direct deposit forms at work.Go for a combination of the two. You also may decide to keep both separate and joint accounts. Some couples open a joint checking account for household expenses but maintain their own for personal shopping sprees. Others choose to have different checking accounts but manage mutual savings for things such as buying a home or taking a vacation.As with most things, all three methods have their pros and cons. In the end, what works best for you and your partner hinges on legal and pragmatic considerations.Pros and cons of joint accounts.The primary plus of opening joint bank accounts is knowing where you stand financially as a couple at all times. When you and your partner share login information and access to joint accounts, either one of you can check your balance and know whether its enough to cover expenses.Combining accounts can prove problematic if youre a big spender while your partner pinches pennies. If opting to combine income, have a heart-to-heart with your partner and establish ground rules for spending. You may set an amount, such as $100, which either party can spend freely, whereas larger expenditures require you and your love to agree.Life happens, and sometimes, that involves tragedies. If you and your beau have not penned your wills yet, one advantage of a joint account includes instant access to funds. Although you dont want to imagine anything terrible happening to the one you love, car crashes and illnesses can strike out of nowhere. Also, if your loved one ends up in the hospital unable to communicate, you still can pay the rent from your joint monies.When youre better off keeping things separate.The advantages of joint accounts are considerable, but that doesnt mean pooling funds works for everyone. If you and your partner share strong independent streaks, maintaining separate accounts may create less friction. Some people, especially those who have experienced financial hardships in their past, bristle at the thought of someone else, even someone they love deeply, accessing their hard-earned cash. If this sounds like you, why create unnecessary conflict?Additionally, if you or your partner have a poor credit history, you may benefit from keeping separate accounts. Legally, debt collectors consider joint accounts fair game. If you or your beloved have student loan or tax debt, federal and state author ities can levy joint accounts, leaving you in the lurch. However, if you maintain separate accounts, only your partner suffers the hit.If you and your partner do decide to keep your accounts separate, youll need to discuss how to divide expenses. Splitting every bill 50/50 is one method, but it requires you to exchange considerable funds throughout the month. If you have unequal incomes, consider assigning the lower-earning partner responsibility for smaller bills like phone and internet, while the higher-earning party tackles the rent or mortgage payment.Those who live in community property states also should remember any debts incurred after marriage become the joint and several liability of both parties. This isnt to say you and your love shouldnt tie the knot. It does mean having a discussion, as you dont want to get stuck footing the bill if your partner takes out a personal loan, installment loan, or credit card youre unaware of and you later split up.Making the right financia l decisions for your relationship.Every relationship creates a unique new world only you and your partner share. While you may float on happy waves of romance currently, other than infidelity, nothing destroys relationships like arguments over money.Regardless of how you and your partner structure your accounts, make creating an emergency fund a priority. This keeps you and your beloved from falling into debt when unexpected costs, such as car repairs, arise. Be sure to carry adequate insurance coverage in case theft, fire or flood results in damage to property.Happy romantic (and financial) lives.Every individual and couple have their own economic style. By keeping the lines of communication open, you and your partner can enjoy a healthy romance as well as a bright financial future no matter how you structure your bank accounts.Communication is key to building a healthy financial future with your partner. Otherwise, you two could end up relying on short-term bad credit loans and no credit check loans (like payday loans, cash advances, and title loans) to make ends meet.   To learn more about balancing money and relationships, check out  these other posts and articles from OppLoans:The (Comprehensive) Couple’s Guide To Budgeting12 Tips for Talking About Money With Your Spouse or PartnerHow to Navigate the Financial Side of DatingShould You and Your Spouse Keep Your Finances Separate?Do you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |Instagram

Different Forms Of Gender Inequality - 939 Words

Three forms of gender inequality are those that occur in the workplace in relation to pay, roles that are played, and in education. The textbook states that â€Å"women who work full time average only 72 percent of what men are paid† (Henslin, 2014, p. 310). While this could be related to factors such as education level or the inability of women to negotiate as well as men; outside of the actual job, those in similar positions (regardless of negotiating skills) should make a similar wage. I can understand an individual who has less education than another being paid less initially, but once they can prove they are just as effective as someone else (regardless of gender) they should make the same amount. In regard to roles, there is the perception that men should take on roles that require more physical strength or strength (as in the case of CEO who needs to be strong and lead the masses). With roles that are played, it has been typical that the woman are more fragile, nur turing, and emotional so it is not thought that they would be in positions that required someone to be strong (such as in manual labor positions or those that required making tough decisions). With education, the thought was the men would be the ones that go to college as they were considered the primary breadwinners. Women, if they did anything at all, would take clerical and supporting roles. When I was in high school I was an honor role student and not one teacher or counselor attempted to have aShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality Within The Educational System892 Words   |  4 Pagessystems have a hard time keeping up with, according to Davies and Guppy (2010c), is changes in gender equality. Over time, gender inequality has grown to be an important educational issue. Women are surpassing men educationally, and are increasingly a part of the service sector. Victor Hiller (2014) examines the dynamics of gender inequality in education systems and recognizes the ongoing promotio n of gender equality. The influence of culture norms within the educational system is substantial, as thisRead MoreFInal Paper1429 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Gender Inequality Within Society Society has conformed our minds to view gender based on one’s role in society. This labels the person as a man or a woman and then classifies them based on the â€Å"roles† that society has assigned for each. Gender inequality is caused by the unequal perceptions or even the way someone is treated, based on them being a man or woman. It tends to be the result of what is seen as socially constructed differences of the typical gender roles. This is a social problem I findRead MoreFeminism Is An Interdisciplinary Idea881 Words   |  4 Pagesinterdisciplinary idea. In sociology, feminism broadens our ideas on gender and transforms it into a major field of study. 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In‘’ ‘I’ve been pondering whether you can be a part-feminist’: Young Australian Women’s Studies student discuss gender†, Kate Hughes presents the changing of students who has different gender perceptionsRead MoreInequality is a Fact of Life and Yet Condemned as an Offense to Civilized Society1253 Words   |  5 PagesInequality is presumed to be a fact of life and condemned as an offence to civilised society. The debates associated with inequality have changed over time and have been portrayed in different contexts. Inequalities can be distinguished in terms of whether they are inequalities of opportunity, inequalities of outcome, inequalities of access or inequalities in entitlement (Platt 2011). Inequality is also differentiated as to whether they are just or unjust, avoidable or unavoidable, or naturally orRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen837 Words   |  4 PagesMarriage and Inequality – is it a cultural affair? 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However, gender is completely different. Gender is sociallyRead MoreEducation Is Not An Equal Opportunity For Everyone1473 Words   |  6 Pagesand information to put different people on a level playing field is a noble but misguided attempt at social equality. Education undoubtedly affects the position of people in society positively, while creating an outlet to educate the ignorant, it becomes problematic when education is not an equal opportunity for everyone. In Adrienne Rich’s essay, â€Å"Taking Women Students Seriously†, she speaks of the inequality mainly affecting women while subtly hinting at the inequality present in education inRead MoreEconomic Inequality, Inequality And Inequality952 Words   |  4 Pagesthe OECD, the term inequality in the opposite of equity can be defined as evenness or fairness within the social, political, and economic perspectives. Equity forms the core value of both the western democratic tradition and religions. From the concept of equality, inequality can be described as unfair or uneven treatments of the people within the society or unequal distribution of resources, income, and other factors between different sectors in the society. Inequality can be defined asRead MoreWorkplace Gender Inequality Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesWorkplace Gender Inequality Gender inequality is currently a hot topic in our society. From education, to the entertainment industry, and more importantly, our daily lives, gender inequality has created a powerful divide between females and males with the seemingly same qualifications and background. The same trend follows in the workplace, females are less likely to hold positions of authority compared to their equivalent male counterparts. This is a key contributor to the lack of gender equality

Taking a Look at the League of Nations - 841 Words

In this essay i am going to write about The League of Nations and different accepts how failed and how it is happened and .Policy Brief The League of Nations - the first international organisation that its main objective is put strengthen international relationships and the transparency of these relations in the countries of the world . Also served as a pretext to create devastation after . First World War, which set the whole world on the edge of existence like the difficult economic and political situation , instability, catastrophic decline of production, which had to be rebuilt. Severe conditions of existence and low living standards . The idea to create the League of Nations was nominated by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson . In his famous Fourteen Points , submitted to the U.S. Congress and world political community during the First World War , Wilson called for the formation of certain conditions the general association of nations to provide large and small states mutual guar antees of political independence and territorial integrity. In accordance with the plans of the League of Nations Wilson staged the purpose of maintaining peace and development among all countries of the world wish to join the organisation, open diplomatic relations. It was a fundamentally new experience in international diplomacy , which had previously served the interests of a few great powers that dominated the global arena. According to the plan Wilson League had the right to maintainShow MoreRelatedEssay on The League of Nations1189 Words   |  5 PagesThe League of Nations seemed doomed from the start, by not having the USA at their side; they faced military problems. 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If Hitler was going to destroy the Treaty of Versailles he could also get the land that was taken from him in the Treaty. Hitler wanted to gain more territory and build an empire to increase German territory. Hitler’s ‘’people’’ were expecting the promises, so Hitler must complete them to keep Germany satisfied with their leader so they kept believing in him with no doubt. Para.2 In the 1930s there were two incidents that really tested the League of NationsRead MoreWorld War 2 Research Paper1416 Words   |  6 PagesDuring world war two this was known as shell shock; however what can be concluded is that world war two impacted the soldiers emotionally and physiologically from the time they entered to post war. World War Two was one of the biggest struggles nations everywhere have ever seen. â€Å"It killed more people, costs more money, damaged more property, and affected more people†¦than any other war in history† (The History on the Net Group). 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The Truth About The Boy - 1365 Words

He knew his wife was up to something the moment she tried to ignore anything to do with the mere mention of the word boyfriend. How she adamantly refuse to say Joshua Hunt’s name was yet another hint I should’ve paid closer attention. maybe it was how I was on the verge of asking her if she knew any other name then Trever Benson that had caused me to be distracted. She knew the moment that boy was introduced to me and his attention was more of some of the maids preforming their task then speaking to me. when one of the women dropped something they had to pick up and he broke out in a cold sweat, I should’ve thrown him out of the nearest window. It wouldn’t have mattered if I had, we were on the ground floor. Then and again, it might not have been a total loss if the shock of it all cause him to scream for several hours thinking he was falling. He didn’t seem too bright to know the difference. For some reason the boy believes my wife is the only appr oval he needs to have a relationship with my daughter. Then and again I should have asked my wife what kind of relationship he was hoping to have with my daughter. Well, the boy looked a bit soft to me and giggles constantly. Actually, I wouldn’t have been surprised to find out that the boy liked other boys and was hoping my daughter might help him find the perfect boyfriend. I didn’t know much about the Benson family, other than they were distant cousins to some man Elena was once in a relationship with. I knewShow MoreRelatedThe Truth About Boys And Girls850 Words   |  4 Pagesforced into sex trafficking? There are limitations on our freedom. Both speaker Chris Baker, and the article The Truth about Boys and Girls demonstrate how society’s influence puts limitations on people’s freedom. Stereotypes and generalizations about boys and girls is an example of how people have freedom with limitations. 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Strengthening National Supply Chains †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Strengthening National Supply Chains. Answer: Introduction The main purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate the approaches used in lecture 4 and lecture 5. The selected lectures are lecture 4 which assert global strategy as business model changes and lecture 5 for target markets and modes of entry. In order to fully analyze this report, there are various industries that will fall under each category. For the case of global strategy as business model change, the selected industries are computer industry (hardware or software) and pharmaceutical industry. On the other hand, the target markets and modes of entry will involve the industries of hospitality as well as car industry. Global strategy as business model change would typically refers to a mechanism applied by industries to shift from local operations towards international operation due to application of global strategy. This paper will critically analyze how computer industry and pharmaceutical industry applied global strategy so as to shift the business operations and any changes that occurred base on that mechanism (Segal-Horn 2009). On the other hand, target markets and modes of entry typically means mechanisms applied by industrial business to identify targeted markets and modes and mechanisms utilized to enter in those markets. This could be perfect market structure, monopoly market structure or oligopoly market structure. Therefore, the selected industries of car and hospitality will be used to satisfy the asserted motives. Lastly, this paper will offer counter argument for the options of the theories used by these industries that have been used to address critical cases, scenario, phenomena and situations for the success of the industry against the provisions offered by these theories. Global strategy as business model change for computer industry Computer industry is one of the emerging companies in the entire globe. Initially, a lot of people asserted that this industry was ventured by few individuals with excellent skills. Therefore, very few innovations were done in the initial stages. This made the industry to operate domestically or rather locally (Saloner 2009). In the present business models, there has been a lot of advancement in computer industry based on the fact that many individuals are venturing to this industry. Their main aim is to learn new skills, expertise and knowledge in computer industry. Basically, this industry deals with two aspects. That is, hardware and software development. For the purpose of this report, we narrow down to how computer industry utilize software development in relation to global strategy as business model change. Typically, software is defined as computer system procedures that make the hardware in the computer to operate as well as promoting the reliability of computers skills by computer experts (Prasch 2008). Software development is the main aspect in computer industry that has led to application of global strategy by this industry. It is important to assert that, software development and their application is not something that can sustain itself locally. There is a need for the industry to expand the operations to other sides of the globe. This expansions is at times brought by the high demand of these software by computer users. This simply implies that, in any business need to change the operation by increasing the employed capital, net worth and international publication, then global strategy must be their first priority. Computer industry has applied this strategy to promote business operations that have brought many positive changes. First, computer industry has made the application of computers irrelevant without use of software. Therefore, software developers are working day in day out so as to satisfy the list of preference by computer users (Peng 2013). There are many software developers all over the globe. Each of them has specific skills that tend to be unique in nature. In that connection, a computer industry may require to develop a software as per the specification of a particular client. By assessment, the computer company that have earned the contract make lack a specific software developer. This is the best time to apply global strategy. Therefore, many of these companies tend to reassign the contract to a different expert from other sides of the globe. Other the software has been developed, the two contractors share the profit based on the terms of the contract (Tallman 2009). This kind of business model will enable computer industry to generate more wealth as well as shifting to global operations. In addition, the industry uses the global strategy to bring business success. One fact about global operation is wider market. There are many consumers whose needs and wants are left unsatisfied by the supply available at a particular time. This usually happen when the operation of the business is in global level (Lesserre 2012). On the other hand, there is excess supply and low demand of some commodities. This usually happen when the operation of business is local. For the case of computer industry, the theory of demand and supply is well distributed. This business become satisfying because the demand of software is global and the industry need to operate globally. The patent and copyright frameworks have ensured that the software protection is maintained to avoid counterfeits. Therefore, global strategy is very important to enhance positive changes in business model for computer industry (Hughes 2008). The reasons behind the success of computer industry are the monopoly of the indu stry in software development and huge demand for application software all over the globe. This is because the world is operating in computer mode at present. Global strategy as business model change for pharmaceutical industry Pharmaceutical industry is one of the very important industry in the entire world. This is because the industry deal in production of drugs needed to support life. This industry have various approaches in regard to global strategy as business model change. This industry has monopoly and require professional skills to operate (Hitt 2014). This has enabled the industry to operate globally so as to satisfy the high demand associated to products manufactured by the industry. The approaches used include research on drugs used in the medical field which involve collection of data from all corners of the world, distribution of drugs to all sides of the globe from the source as well as analysis of drugs administered by doctors from various hospitals. This industry applies approaches that are sustainable in the long run. This is very important as far as business expansion is concerned as well as application global strategy to model this kind of an industry (Fletcher 2012). To start with, the first approach used is research. This is the basis of pharmaceutical industry due to its sensitivity. Supporting human life and treatment of disease along with prevention of disease need products that have been approved globally (Daft 2015). Therefore, the research approach ensure that the products from pharmaceutical industry fully adhere to the standards set by World Health Organization (W.H.O). Therefore, pharmaceutical companies applies global strategy to conduct conclusive research on the nature of products. This ensure that the drug under consideration will be acceptable by the consumers all over the world. This fully market the products in the entire globe and bring the required changes in the business model. The last approach used by pharmaceutical industry is monopoly. The production of drugs or rather medicine by pharmaceutical industry have monopoly rights. This is based on professional aspect of it and sensitivities (Christopher 2011). This promote the use of global strategy to satisfy the ever increasing demand for pharmaceutical products. The reasons behind the success of pharmaceutical industry as asserted by use of theories in global strategy include the requirement of pharmaceutical products in the entire globe, monopoly in the market structure and regulations set by world health organizations on favor of pharmaceutical industry. Lastly, the counter argument in application pharmaceutical products occur where some group of people from different countries apply natural ways in medication and traditional methods to overcome health problems (Chopra 2012). Many of this traditional medicine achieve the underlying objectives that would be achieved by pharmaceutical products. For this case, global strategy does not apply as business model change. In order to know the target market, an investor needs to know that there are factors that need to be considered. These factors include the demand and supply of a commodity. Automotive marketers and their agency marketers are the most known auto-shoppers who are not easy to reach. This could be caused by a number of factors. For instance, the fact that they are always on their move .There are several factors which are well known. These factors are proven marketing methods that are essential in car sales (Cachon 2012). Those individuals who divide activities that have been modified into databases and can later be resold for the purpose of marketing are known as direct data marketing audience. Many investor in the present world have ventured into car industry. This is not easy in the initial stages. There is a need to target market and to follow the required process so as to enter into the market. The target market under this particular industry would be related on factors such car models, cost, acceleration, effect of weather on cars, demand and supply mechanisms. The main market for car industry is potential buyer of the car. Therefore, it is good to check the specifications asserted by the customer in the invoice. This will ensure that the required specifications are adhered to (Bragg 2015). This will ensure market reliability. The other target market strategy for car industry is companies. Many companies tend to buy several cars for the operations of daily activities. Investors in car industry need to apply for tenders so as to be awarded with the supply. Finally, the target market will fully be achieved by checking the tenders given by government institutions and non-governmental organizations who may need a fleet of cars at a particular point in time. Car industries also need to market their cars using online links such as company website and OLX. Finally, there is the required mode entry of entry. First, the investor need to adhere to the rules and regulations along with other relevant standards set by the industry. This will ensure cohesive business operations. There is a need to have the minimum capital requirement for entering this industry. Target markets and mode of entry in hospitality This industry have absorbed around 70% of world population in terms of investment. Hospitality industry is very wide parse. This industry include hotel and catering services, tour and travel management, accommodation services, booking services and many other services offered in relation to factors attributed to hospitality theory. For target market in this industry, potential investor need to value various aspects as far as marketing is concerned. To start with, the investor should assess the population density. The areas having good and growing population indicate that the economy of that particular market structure is sustainable in the long run (Bolstorff 2011). Therefore, there is a probability of perfect market and the investor is like to expand. Again, the investor need to check the policies set by the government regarding hospitality industry. Incentives implies that the government is in full support of hospitality activities. On the other hand, high taxes and trade tariffs indicate that fact that the government discourage hospitality activities in the market. The investor will in a position to assess these factors and reach into a conclusion. Moreover, the demand and supply mechanisms are also important in targeting market structure in hospitality industry. Areas with numerous travelers as well as tourists forms a unique market structure. This is because the demand for quality hospitality services is high. Mode of entry to hospitality industry is to adhere to the requirements set along with specified standards (Awuor 2016). Hospitality industry deals with consumption of instant goods and services. Therefore the investor need to ensure that the quality produced is in accordance to list of consumer reference. The reason behind the success of approaches used in hospitality industry is the huge demand of commodities as well as wide range of activities in hospitality industry. Conclusion In conclusion, these industries are in great performance in the market structure. The application of theories and approaches in these industries based on global strategy as business model change and target market and mode of entry cannot be taken for granted. A further study need to be developed to uncover the relationship between these industries and other lectures so as to arrive at a conclusive point of view. References Awuor, P 2016, Theory of Change for Supply Chain Capacity Development: A Framework for Strengthening National Supply Chains: Volume 1 (PSA Supply Chain Capacity Development), CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. Bolstorff, P 2011, Supply Chain Excellence: A Handbook for Dramatic Improvement Using the SCOR Model, AMACOM. Bragg, SM 2015, Accounting for Inventory, Accounting Tools. Cachon, G 2012, Matching Supply with Demand: An Introduction to Operation Management, McGraw-Hill Education. Chopra, S 2012, Supply Chain Management, Pearson Education. Christopher, M 2011, Logistics and Supply Chain Management, FT Press. Daft, RL 2015, Management, South Western College Pub. Fletcher, F 2012, Business Problem Solving, Routledge. Hitt, MA 2014, Strategic Management: Concept, Competitiveness and Globalization, South-Western College Pub. Hughes, D 2008, The Ultimate Supply Teachers Handbook, Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd. Lesserre, P 2012, Global Strategic Management, Palgrave. Peng, MW 2013, Global Strategy, South-Western College Pub. Prasch, RE 2008, How Markets Work: Supply, Demand and the Real World, Edward Elgar Pub. Saloner, G 2009, Strategic Management, Wiley Publisher. Segal-Horn, S 2009, understanding Global Strategy, Cengage Learning. Tallman, S 2009, Global Strategy, Wiley-Blackwell.

Build the management

The First step is management dilemma, which is the relation to the environmental stimuli. A manager is interested in the highest output from the business. The second one is elimination of negative symptoms; this is exclusion of conditions that might deteriorate the business.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Build the management-research question hierarchy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A manager must make sure that all employees are satisfied, so that the organization is stable and adjusted. The third step is the correction of problems. This entails communication and cooperation within the company. As managers are in charge and can take a more global look at the business structure, they have to shape the culture and the inner, as well as outer relations with other workers and the public (Inquiring Minds Want to Know—Now!). The fourth part of the hierarchy is the choice that is made in the direction o f the opportunity. A careful consideration of the internal culture and environment are crucial in selecting the right course of action. In the fifth step the right questions and research are instrumental in finding out the company’s needs. In the sixth step the recommended course of action is based on the research findings. This is a personal orientation towards the workings of the company. A chance to try several positions within the organization could allow for a better choice of personnel, with a better set of skills (Jennings, 2010). This would create proper opportunity for people to find out own skills and a place in the company. Also, the basis of the structure will be complimented by employees knowing the trade and having a feeling of ownership and interest. Relevant ethical issues. Penton media is a concept taking its base primarily in general human ethics and applying those rules and guidelines in a business environment. Ethics itself is set of moral principles and laws that govern a just and civilized society (Bradburn 8). Business ethic refers to how people’s morals and fairness are used in agreements and decisions between companies and organizations worldwide. The main idea of business ethics is that it closely correlates with the laws of a society and the kindness of people who make it up and in order for the companies and organizations to flourish, ethics should be a guideline never dismissed from business. Penton media but more importantly the laws that are based on ethical behaviors are needed to regulate the actions of business to prevent illegal issues and chaos of anarchy. If a company is not limited in the way it earns its profits, the selfishness of the financial greed will cause to focus on making the most money the fastest without considering a sensitive balance between nature and ways that humans exploit it for personal gain. The research that was conducted received a response of 97.7 per cent, contacting the advertiseme nt at least once during the year (Inquiring Minds Want to Know—Now!). This made Penton media one of the competing corporations. The key goal of Penton media is to regulate the actions of corporations in relation to the surrounding natural environment, people and society’s laws and rules. Another reason why ethics is the right direction for any business is that honesty will be rewarded and the benefits gained from kindness will be much greater than those of lies and deceit (Bradburn, 2001).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Bradburn, R. (2001). Understanding Business Ethics, London: Thomson Learning. Inquiring Minds Want to Know—Now! (n.d.). Business Research Methods. 1-8. Jennings, M. (2010). Environment Business: Its Legal, Ethical, and Global Environment, Connecticut: South-Western Cengage Learning. This case study on Build the management-research question hierarchy was written and submitted by user Madilynn Andrews to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Spectroscopy Raman

spectroscopy Spectrograph Spectrophotometer Diffraction Grating Spectrum Analysis Continuous Spectrum Spectrum Lines Work of Niels Bohr Absorption Spectra Applications of Spectrum Analysis Chemical analysis Astrophysical applications In physics and physical chemistry, the study of spectra (see Spectrum). The basis of spectroscopy is that each chemical element has its own characteristic spectrum (see Elements, Chemical). This fact was recognized in 1859 by the German scientists Gustav Robert Kirchhoff and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen. They developed the prism spectroscope in its modern form and applied it to chemical analysis. One of two principal spectroscope types, this instrument consists of a slit for admitting light from an external source, a group of lenses, a prism, and an eyepiece. Light that is to be analyzed passes through a collimating lens, which makes the light rays parallel, and the prism; then the image of the slit is focused at the eyepiece. One actually sees a series of images of the slit, each a different color, because the light has been separated into its component colors by the prism. The German scientists were the first to recognize that characteristic colors of light, or the spectra, are emitted an d absorbed by particular elements. Spectrograph In a spectrograph, the eyepiece is replaced by a camera. Color photography is not necessary to identify the images of the slit, known as the spectrum lines; their wavelengths can be calculated from their positions on the film. Spectrographs are useful throughout the ultraviolet and visible regions of the spectrum, and as far as 1200 m (0.000048 in) in the infrared region. Spectroscopy in the extreme ultraviolet and infrared regions is similar to that in the visible region, except that glass does not transmit such radiations; lenses and prisms are made of quartz, flourite, sylvine, or rock salt. Concave mirrors can also be substituted for lenses. Special p... Free Essays on Spectroscopy Raman Free Essays on Spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy Spectrograph Spectrophotometer Diffraction Grating Spectrum Analysis Continuous Spectrum Spectrum Lines Work of Niels Bohr Absorption Spectra Applications of Spectrum Analysis Chemical analysis Astrophysical applications In physics and physical chemistry, the study of spectra (see Spectrum). The basis of spectroscopy is that each chemical element has its own characteristic spectrum (see Elements, Chemical). This fact was recognized in 1859 by the German scientists Gustav Robert Kirchhoff and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen. They developed the prism spectroscope in its modern form and applied it to chemical analysis. One of two principal spectroscope types, this instrument consists of a slit for admitting light from an external source, a group of lenses, a prism, and an eyepiece. Light that is to be analyzed passes through a collimating lens, which makes the light rays parallel, and the prism; then the image of the slit is focused at the eyepiece. One actually sees a series of images of the slit, each a different color, because the light has been separated into its component colors by the prism. The German scientists were the first to recognize that characteristic colors of light, or the spectra, are emitted an d absorbed by particular elements. Spectrograph In a spectrograph, the eyepiece is replaced by a camera. Color photography is not necessary to identify the images of the slit, known as the spectrum lines; their wavelengths can be calculated from their positions on the film. Spectrographs are useful throughout the ultraviolet and visible regions of the spectrum, and as far as 1200 m (0.000048 in) in the infrared region. Spectroscopy in the extreme ultraviolet and infrared regions is similar to that in the visible region, except that glass does not transmit such radiations; lenses and prisms are made of quartz, flourite, sylvine, or rock salt. Concave mirrors can also be substituted for lenses. Special p...

Regional instituie for childern and adollescents,baltimore-future Essay

Regional instituie for childern and adollescents,baltimore-future nursing research studies - Essay Example Emotionally handicapped adolescents who are in a condition to live in a community setting are assisted through measures that make them aware of the situation but live in harmony with the rest of the population. It is also common for nurses at the center to address the negative behaviors and attributes associated with drug abuse. They look at psychiatric behaviors from use of drugs or from withdrawal, anger, self-hating, low self-esteem and self-injuries behavior. They have recently introduced detoxification procedures for adolescents with a drug problem. They also ensure that the youths engage in meaningful interaction while they are at the center. Some mental problems may require a residential setting to treat. RICA has this setting to facilitate continuous treatment of adolescents with therapy. They live at the establishment for some time before the doctors can certify their improvement and their ability to live accordingly with the rest of the population. This is an ideal strategy in treatment of young people with behavioral, learning and emotional

12 angry men Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

12 angry men - Essay Example It is only juror no. 8, who offers a dissenting opinion and queries all the prosecutor’s evidences against the defendant. He goes to an extent of purchasing a knife that is akin to the one presented as murder evidence in a bid to convince fellow jurors that the prosecutor’s claim of â€Å"unique† was misplaced. The dissenting juror finally manages to influence the opinion of the entire jury and drag them into the world of â€Å"reasonable doubt†. However, his reasons seem quite ludicrous. By making his queer judgments about the witnesses and pronouncing outrageous claims to disown them, juror number 8 appears quite bizarre. The juror goes ahead to disown another key witness who heard the crime taking place by asserting the claim that the old man probably made up his story to boost his ego. It is funny how the dissenting juror finally manages to get the other 11 jurors, who were initially convinced that the accused is guilty of murder, into his ship where reasonable doubt dictates all the evidence against the accused. The ruling of the jury is similarly interesting. The jurors unanimously make certain witness and evidence assumptions and conclude that the defendant is not guilty of murder. It is apparent that the other jurors arrive at this conclusion as an escape from looming argume nt with juror number 8. In my opinion, the jury made a big mistake. The defendant should have been held guilty for the offense. Since when has a juror become an investigator in a case over which he presides? When operating in accordance with the law, jurors are barred from performing their own investigations in cases. As such, Juror number 8 should have been substituted with another juror if the other eleven members of the jury had reported him trying to conduct his own investigation. By failing to abide by the requirement of the law, the entire jury appears to have seriously

Communication Skills in Marketing

Communication Skills in Marketing Assignment Two: Communication on the Job Fundamentals of Communication Denby Mackenzie INTRODUCTION: After completing a double bachelor degree at Griffith University, I aspire to obtain a career in a marketing role, either as a marketing director or a marketing communications manager. The double bachelor that I am currently enrolled in is a Bachelor of Arts / Bachelor of Business and the two majors I am currently undertaking is Japanese and Marketing. Ideally working in Japan or for a Japanese company is very appealing to me. Having a career that would combine these two passions of mine would create the ultimate type of future work I hope to do. Marketing professionals are just about employable across all organisations (Griffith University, 2013), which includes but not exclusively to advertising firms, government agencies, non-profit organisations and large companies. Types of industries that employ marketing graduates that deal directly with sales and marketing, are government industries and travel, tourism and hospitality. Marketing directors have the responsibility of promoting the goods and services of their organisations or clients. Other duties that may be performed on a day to day basis by marketing professionals is knowing how to effectively manage a marketing budget, assist in the development and implementation of communication strategies and activities, write creatively and identify and analyse any strengths and weaknesses of the organisation (Australian Government, 2015). In a professional environment marketing directors would have to work closely with a team, by themselves and possibly with clients. A marketing director would need to have the ability to work independently as well as part of a team, have great interpersonal communication skills and be able to be proactive and meet set deadlines. As a director, it is understandable that written, spoken and unspoken communications will occur in the workplace, from formal meetings, writing emails or promotional plans to positive unspoken communications such as opening a door for a client. Key communication strategies that would be useful in becoming a successful marketing communications director, ideally working for an international company, would be knowing how to successfully influence and persuade others through the use of communication, communication and organisational structures in the workplace and the ability to effectively communicate between cultures. BODY: If there is one thing that marketing directors contribute to in their daily work is getting people to buy into what they are selling, whether that be an idea, a service announcement that people should partake in or goods and services being sold to consumers from a particular company. Marketing personal create messages to mildly coerce audiences into believing or acting a particular way. In order to be successful at persuading others, we first need to understand our receivers, or who the message is intended for and there are many ways to understand our audience, through cultural background, language spoken, gender, location, age and many more. There are three ways that most people will comply to persuasive messages being broadcasted; firstly, people will be persuaded by a force, sometimes this force can be aggressive or violent. Secondly, there is certain social expectation that one believes they must live up to, so they are influenced by what they believe is expected of them. Lastly when a message has become powerful enough, it will change the way that person now thinks (DeFleur et al,2005 p.298). What we must also understand is that not everybody is going to act, think or comply the same way about the messages we are telling our audiences. To better understand why people would resist, we must look subjectively from the person or persons point of view that we are trying to persuade (DeFleur et al,2005 p.310). From a marketing and a business point of view, understanding why people would rebel against a message should help us understand where the faults are in any campaign and how it can be improved on for next time. Being able to persuade a change in people’s habits or behaviours with the use of a reward or motivation involved is perhaps the most common way to influence people. Whether that reward or motivation is not as clear to the receiver, it is almost certainly there, from the receiver buying shampoo to buying an apple, on one hand it says that the consumer wants to look good or keep their hair clean and on the other hand it says that buying the customer buying the apple is hungry or that there is possibly some motivation for them personally to buy the apple rather than a chocolate bar. Much like how understanding to influence and persuade others requires some thought into whom the receivers are and how they will process the message, so does communicating between cultures. For the reason that I wish to work in Japan or closely with a Japanese company, I find that knowing how to communicate between our different cultures will be helpful to my career. Learning the Japanese language as well as understanding their culture should make any communication that is to happen, be a successful one. Even if I was to work in Australia, being able to effectively communicate between cultures would be necessary given that Australia is such a diverse multi-cultural country. According to DeFleur et al (2014), there are seven steps for successful intercultural communication. Firstly, we have to acknowledge that everybody is different and therefore we all have different emotions and needs. Secondly, we have to try to understand any cultural backgrounds of who we are communicating to. Thirdly, we should respect any cultural customs or traditions that our receiver might have. Fourthly, and a good tip for any successful communication, is to actively listen. Fifthly, being able to handle or expect some uncertainty with intercultural communication. Sixthly, when working or speaking with people who are different form ourselves, we should steer clear of making any assumptions or stereotypes. Lastly, we should be aware of our own ethnocentrism and how we may judge another person or culture based off our own values and beliefs. Researchers have found four main cultural features that alter the way in which we relate to one another; individualism and collectivism, high and low context, masculinity and femininity, and high and low power distance (DeFleur et al,2005 p.222). Understanding that all societies have these features can affect the way we communicate with one another. Some cultures value social status over equality, some find nonverbal communication more important than accuracy of what is said and other cultures value assertiveness and wining rather than cooperation and nurturance. From a business point of view, before encoding a message, getting to know the audience it is being distributed to, including their culture, customs, influences and what cultural features they might value would make it easier to do business with. Another communication strategy that would be useful to any career in any organisation is learning how to successfully communicate in an organisational setting. In most organisations there is a bureaucracy set in place, this includes job titles, ranks and roles of staff and goals and a strategic plans made by the organisation. Presidents and CEO’s are responsible for making decisions when it comes to the organisation of employees in the workplace. Successful managers will change the division of the labour roles and the level of authority that some employees have when the nature of the environment in an organisation is changing (Francis-Smythe, Robinson Ross, 2013), this includes any promotions or wage raises and even demotions. Presidents and CEO’s that acknowledge a change in the environment at work and make appropriate adjustments to suit, receive a more productive work setting for all employees as a result. Previously in Japan, workers were reassured that they would work for the one company for their entire life. Now in Japan, any worker, from even the lowest of positions, can suggest ideas to their seniors, without feeling out of place (DeFleur et al,2005 p.189). In Japan a full-time workers day is 8 hours long, however, more than 60 per cent of full-time workers have often recorded working more than 10 hours per day (Nemoto, 2013). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, I personally find these three communication skills would be necessary to become a successful marketing director. As marketing professionals are employable across all industries, all of these communication skills are transferable. Marketing personal not only use persuasion in the messages that they transmit to the public, they would also use persuasion in a business setting, from talking to client to organising tasks for a team to complete. From a business perspective, understanding that most organisations have fixed rules, various positions held by employees within the company and goals and strategic views of that organisation. When securing a senior position within a company, recognising the organisational system that the business has in place would set me up for success. Working as a director or manager in charge of a small team would be the ideal position for a career in marketing for me. Working overseas, in Japan or for a Japanese company would allow for intercultural communication to take place. Understanding our audience before encoding a message will positively assist in the receivers decoding the message as close to how it was intended to be understood. There are many ways to understand our audience, through cultural background, language spoken, gender, location, age and many more (DeFleur et al,2005 p.222). Acknowledging that everybody is different and that we all come from different backgrounds and all make different choices should make better intercultural communication occur. As Australia is a diverse multi-cultural country, understanding how to improve communicating between cultures is a great skill to have in any professional setting. REFERENCES Australian Government, April 2015, Department of education and training, Marketing Officer, Accessed 30 May 3015 from: http://www.jobguide.thegoodguides.com.au/occupation/Marketing-Officer> DeFleur, M, Kearney, P, Plax, T DeFleur, M (2014).Fundamentals of Communication: Social Science in Everyday Life. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.189, 222, 233, 298, 310, Francis-Smythe, J., Robinson, L. Ross, C. 2013, The role of evidence in general managers decision-making, Journal of general management, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 3-21. Griffith University, April 2013, Careers and Employment Service; Career options: Marketing, Accessed 30 May 2015 from: https://intranet.secure.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/507113/Marketing.pdf > Nemoto, K. 2013, Long Working Hours and the Corporate Gender Divide in Japan, Gender, Work Organization, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 512-527.

The Art Department is Essential for Student Expression :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

The Art Department is Essential for Student Expression Walking down the halls of the school, students are never at a loss for something to look at. The walls of the school are constantly plastered with posters and fliers. More importantly, though, there are the products of the school’s art department. The paintings, drawings, sketches and photographs turn bland walls into something to be admired and awed by everyone. And none of these would be possible without the art department. The pictures on the wall are not the only things that the department offers the school though. It provides student artists with a chance to enhance their talents. It provides the artists with training in various media including acrylic paints, chalk pastels, clay, photography, and much, much more. Through their artwork, the students can develop an extension of their voice and express themselves visually. The art department also displays student artwork throughout the building for the faculty and the community so that everyone recognizes the efforts and skills of the students. Unfortunately, undue negative light has been shed on the department within the past month. It is unfortunate to think that all of the accomplishments of the student artists and the teachers could be so quickly forgotten because of fifteen controversial drawings in the hallway. For fifteen years, the art teachers have displayed the nude torso drawings in the hallways with no complaints from the community, but after a single complaint from a board member this year, the principal demanded that the art teachers remove the drawings from the wall. Suddenly, the art department acquired a bad name simply because one person thought that drawings of nude statues were inappropriate. How is it possible that with one comment from one person, people forget how often the art department has gone above and beyond the call of duty to help the school? The department benefits more than just its own students. It affects the entire student body and the community itself. Several major projects have been sponsored and carried out by the department. One of those projects was a traveling exhibit celebrating cultural diversity. This project was done in conjunction with Parson’s School of Design in New York. The department also participated in the Violence Project. For this, students created visual artwork and wrote essays and poems dealing with violence in American culture. This project was done in conjunction with the group called Parents of Murdered Children.

Cultures in Conflict Essay

The pleadings of the Duncc-za and Cree Indians on a fiduciary claim on January 12th 1987, which is known as â€Å"Aspassin versus the Queen†, basically evolved from Robin Riddington’s (1988) case presentation. In this regard, the article, Cultures in Conflict: the Problem of Discourse, laid down the question as to whether the court should resolve the case or just reproduce it. Basically, this paper will examine and analyze the underlying circumstances in the presented case. Review of Literature The Aspassin v. The Queen lawsuit was a legal claim from the Government of Canada by two Indian Chiefs, Joseph Aspassin and Gerry Attachie, who served as representatives of Blueberry River and Doig River bands of the Duncc-za and Cree Indian tribes. The claim historically referred to the Indian Act, Treaty No. 8 of 1899 (Riddington, 1988). The claimant’s counsel pleaded the Court to merit the fiduciary obligation emanating from the September 22nd 1945 meeting proceedings of authenticated documents from British Columbia to corroborate the evidence that suggested that the Department of Indian Affairs deviated from the proper transferring of title to the legal claimants and instead was awarded by the Veterans Land Administration to the soldier’s settlement program. Based on the decision of Justice Dixon of the Supreme Court of Canada, it was concurred that a breach of fiduciary obligation of the Federal Crown has resulted in the failure the granting of the estate to its legal claimants and real heirs. The claim was incorporated with the legal claimant’s and heirs’ uncompromised land use of the estate wherein the Indians’ primitive economic sourcing are fishing, hunting, and trapping only. In effect, a surrendering requirement for the land use must be enjoined and be recognized by the Court. However, on November 4th 1987, the claim became futile by the Court’s dismissal for the reasons that the Indians were grossly handicapped to be able develop the estate for a progressive and sustainable economic base. Testimonial Findings The September 1945 occupancy of the IR-72, Indians’ land, which called as a place where happiness dwells, was purposely for exploration of mineral resources, wherein the band of Indians area were promised by the government to be compensated with a initially payment of $10 each. The governments has then continuously engaged in oil and gas mining and expanded areas of exploration all throughout Fort St. John by encouraging Indian families to sell their landholdings. Moreover, the trial has extensively addressed the pleadings on the problem of discourse as it may affect to the Court’s interpretation of the issue. In addition, the cross-examination of the witnesses, involving elders of the Duncc-za and Cree Indians, have supported and merited the articulation of their counsel. In effect, the Supreme Court has derived its decision together with its recognition on the breach of fiduciary obligation by the Federal Crown, as likewise addressed to the Canadian Government being the liable government entity in the transition of estate’s the transfer to the questioned beneficiaries. Merits of Articulation The merits of articulation of the claimant’s counsels, Leslie Pinder and Arthur Pape, was supplemented in the case proceeding and substantiated the Supreme Court decision, which was acknowledged as a matter of legal inquiry and argument on the fiduciary obligation of the Federal Crown, so that the Canadian Government would recognize the â€Å"surrender requirement† in the Indian Act in order to prevent further mediation and meddling with the claimant. In other words, the Federal Crown has duly surrendered the claim without compromise of conveyance and meddling over the claimant’s disposition for the use of the estate that has been re-claimed. Further implied on the merits of articulation by the claimant’s counsels was their presumption that a problem of discourse was â€Å"central† to the case. It implied that the discourse, as a matter of understanding, traverses with different recognition, interpretation and way of thinking from cultural perspectives. In this connection, the Supreme Court has interpreted and understood the merits of articulation on the land use with inadequate consideration to the cultural life of the Indians. In other words, the Supreme Court’s decisions was solely meant for the Indians to able live their economic lives in what they called â€Å"the place where happiness dwells†, as referred to the estate being an economic base for fishing, hunting, and trapping. Adverse Claim The Supreme Court decision in dismissing the claim favors the government’s occupancy to landholdings of ancestral domain. It may be noted that the estate, upon deviation of land transfer to the soldiers land program by the Veterans Land Administration, has had oil reserve dated back from 1950’s to 1960’s. In which case, the merits of articulation on surrendering the land without prejudice to claimants has an adverse claim on Supreme Courts decision in dismissing the case that was causal to the reason of Indian’s inability to develop the being claimed estate. Obviously, meriting the â€Å"surrendering requirement† could isolate the chances of pre-disposal to government’s exploration of land resources. Furthermore, a conflict of interest may result from the adverse claim of the Supreme Court. The litany of the claimant’s counsels, Pinder and Pape, on the issue of â€Å"discourse† has long been acknowledged by the Supreme Court as a matter of pleading and interpellation of various witnesses and has exposed the conflict of cultures from the social lives of Indians as they were found to be unable defend themselves in legal disputes being illiterates. In short, this exposition may have further given the Court a leeway to recognize the problem of discourse and therefore discovered the incapability of Indians. The adverse claim of the Court may be interpreted in both legal and moral perceptions in social perspective. On the first ground, acknowledging the plea of breach in fiduciary obligation of the Federal Crown, which was a disadvantage of the Canadian Government, has basically merited the claim. On the succeeding legal argument, the plea may have been in accordance to the jurisprudential aspects of claim on the issue of discourse, but upon recognition, it has resulted in the adverse claim. It may be perceived that the Court studied well the merits of articulation—from the day the trial ended on March 27th 1987 until the Court rendered decision on November 4th 1987— which is about 8 months. To give contrast to the adverse claim, as previously presumed above, the moral obligation of the Court may have contested the issue of discourse for the reason that the Indians may be imposed with challenges on their capability to promulgate stewardship of the land, in which the witnesses have found the ability to recall or remember events then may determine how far the ability to acquire skills of making the land more productive is possible. With this pretext, the merits of articulation may have gone far from treatise on issue of discourse. Conclusion The case of ancestral domain reclamation is a continuing issue in most countries where governments insatiably and constantly expand economic occupancy, political jurisdiction, exploration of land resources and nationalizing the overall geopolitical system. These ancestral domains are descendants of communities that have outlived the inhabitants of present societies. The tribal communities and indigenous culture pose the problem of discourse specifically brought about by conflicts of cultural heritage. Throughout the overall discussion on this paper, the problem of discourse is presented in a complex environment of representation as it evolved in a court proceeding. The testimony of characters, as depictive of their roles, has long argued the issue of discourse, and yet the bottom line was the long struggle of the native Indians to have their place of happiness in a land taken away from them in 1945. Being native and indigenous people who have been drenched by the Whiteman’s conquest, the native Indians likewise seek their cultural identity in a land they only borrowed from their children. Because it is the children that will continuously dwell in their place of happiness. What the trial resolve is the merit of articulation on the issue of discourse. It was conclusive that the adverse claim of the Supreme Court has been founded upon the exposition of the articulation, with so much evidence that the Indians were incapable of tilling and giving welfare for their land. The stewardship of the land may oppose the preservation of ecology—in which the Indians’ source of living depended on fishing, hunting and trapping. Thus, it may be perceived from the Court’s decision was its moral authority that may however lie beneath the advantage of the Whiteman. Upon resolving the issue of discourse, the merit of articulation was judged by the historical struggle of the Indians in pursuit of the place where their happiness dwells. References Riddington, R. (1988). Cultures in Conflict: The Problem of Discourse. Page 273-289, International Summer Institute for Structural and Semiotic Studies (ISISSS), University of British Columbia.

The Reasons For Choosing The Retail Industry Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 22 Words: 6736 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? This thesis is designed to give long-term investors suggestion on which companys share Morrisons, Carrefour and Lianhua should be invested based on fundamental analysis. In this thesis, there are five parts to help long-term investors evaluate the three companies external environment, internal environment and potential development in the future. Then, give long-term investors suggestions investing which company has more benefits with few investment risks. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Reasons For Choosing The Retail Industry Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Lianhuas largest shareholder is Shanghai Friendship Group Incorporated Company and it owns 34.03% (Annual Report of Lianhua 2011), but the government only owns 25.95% of Shanghai Friendship Group Incorporated Companys share (Annual report of Shanghai Friendship Group Incorporated Company). So Lianhua is not controlled by the government directly and its shares are freely traded (more details about trading rights on Hong Kong share market see Appendix 5). According to the accounting policies written in Morrisonss annual report  [1]  and Carrefours annual report  [2]  , both Morrisons and Carrefour prepared their financial statements based on International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).Also, at the beginning of 2005, companies listed on Hong Kong market should follow International Financial Reporting Standards established by The Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Lianhua (Chinese company) is listed on the stock market in Hong Kong and Lianhua follo ws International Financial Reporting Standards  [3]  . Different accounting standards may influence the result of research, but in this case that problem doesnt apply because all companies work under the same accounting standards. Situation scheme: The reasons for choosing the retail industry According to an article called Retail Industry Information (2011), it described the retail industry is an important part of economy and it includes individuals and companies that engage in selling the finished goods to end users  [4]  . The competition of the retail industry is very fierce but it is an industry worthy of being invested as this industry is little influenced by rates, inflation and the control of government (Jiang Min, 2011). Also, many European companies are influenced by the financial crisis and European Debt Crisis, but the retail industry is less influenced by these factors when compared with other industries (Johny and Claudiu, 2012). According to an article called Global Retail Industry 2012-2017: Trend, Profit, and Forecast Analysis (2012), it stated that Rising GDP growth, burgeoning population, greater disposable income, and increasing consumer spending are combining to drive the global retail industry and opportunities for retail segment players  [5]  . So the retail industry is appealing to investors because the retail industry has broad space for growth and it also makes investors have a profitable investment with lower risks. Retail Industry Information (2011) also stated that many U.S. and European retail chains are expanding globally, and opening stores in emerging markets and in countries with thriving economies, also India, China, and Dubai are fertile retail grounds that global retailers are working to cultivate in 2010  [6]  . The expansion of the U.S and European retail chains means that the retail industry has a good prospect for development and provides investment opportunities for the investors. Based on fundamental analysis, this research will help long-term investors understand which companys share has the highest value for investors to invest. The reasons for choosing these three companies Although these three companies (Carrefour, Lianhua, Morrisons) are in different sizes, their rate of growth is rapid. It means that these three companies have a lot of development in the future. Some investors will consider that they can get some long-term benefits from investing into these companies. Also these three companies follow the same accounting standards (IFRS)  [7]  . So, investors can get reliable financial information when they compare three companies financial statements. Then the investors can use the reliable financial information to judge these three companies operating performance. Description of the problem Investors can get the high benefits from long-term investment on shares, but the high interest of investment is along with the high risks. This research aims at providing recommendations to long-term investors that which companys share (Carrefour, Morrisons and Lianhua ) should be invested based on fundamental analysis, in order to help the long-term investors to reduce investment risks and make a profitable investment. Structure of main part of thesis: The main question of this thesis is Which retail companys share (Lianhua, Carrefour and Morrisons) should be invested for long-term investors after the evaluation of the companies performance by using fundamental analysis? In order to answer this question, this thesis is divided into 5 parts. Firstly, this thesis will point out the definition of fundamental analysis and the reasons, methods of using fundamental analysis. Secondly, this thesis will examine the whole economic environment and use the PESTEL theory to analyze the external environment where the three companies operate. Thirdly, this thesis uses the SWOT theory to identify the internal and external factors of the three companies. Next, it chooses the PE ratio to help evaluate the three companies shares and judge whether the three companies shares are overestimated or underestimated. Lastly, using financial ratio analysis helps to analyze the three companies operating performance and then conclude whether their perform ance is healthy or not. In the end, this thesis will give long-term investors suggestions which companys share should be invested. Methodology: Research Methodology: This project started with studying the book called Doing research: The How and Whys of Applied Research which is written by Nel Verhoeven in 2008. This book involves four steps which are design, collect, analyze and evaluate. This project is written according to these four steps. Step 1: Design Picking a topic Firstly, How to invest a companys share can gain more profits with lower investment risks? is a hot issue, so this research chooses the topic about investing a companys share. Secondly, according to request of the teacher from Saxion University of Applied Science, this research chooses three companies which are Carrefour Supermarket, Lianhua Supermarket Holdings  Co.  Ltd, Wm  Morrison  Supermarkets  plc. Also, according to 4P principles this research identified the people is the long-term investors who want to invest a company. The Problem is it is hard for the investors to decide which companys share shoul d be invested to gain more profits with lower risks. The next is Program, which is used to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention. The last one Phenomenon is to establish the existence of regularity. Demarcating the research project This research identified the central question is Which retail companys share (Lianhua, Carrefour and Morrisons) should be invested for long-term investors after the evaluation of the companies performance by using fundamental analysis? based on the choosing topic. After that, this research uses five sub questions to discuss a few specific aspects of the central question in more details. In the end, making a time schedule for each part of the project and including some contingency buffer make sure that finish the research before the deadline. Step 2: Collect This thesis used the secondary research to conduct research. A lot of data and information is analyzed by using the secondary research. It contains Lianhua, Morrisons and Carrefours annual report and news report, articles about the retail industry, financial newspapers and magazines. The following search engines have been used to identify abstract summaries of relevant articles: Google scholar Scirus BASE, Vascoda Saxion University of Applied Sciences library database Article: The following journals provide some articles. Academy of Management Journal Journal of Management Studies Management Science Journal of Financial Journal of Financial Management Journal of Internet Research There are some reasons to use the secondary research. Firstly, secondary research is a time-saving and cost-saving method to acquire information. Secondly, it is accessible especially in a University Library. Thirdly, there are some resources only being found by the secondary research, for example, official statements of the three companies (Lianhua, Morrisons and Carrefour). There are several reasons for not choosing the primary research. Firstly, the primary research will take much money to be conducted since the data has to be collected. Secondly, conducting the primary research cost much more time than just acquiring secondary data. Thirdly, some primary researches are not feasible. So the primary research is not an efficient method to gather information as the chosen companies (Lianhua in China, Morrisions in UK and Carrefour in France) are in different countries. Step 3: Analyze This research will use PESTEL theory, SWOT theory, financial ratio theory and Relative Valuation theory to conduct fundamental analysis. PESTEL analysis is used to analyze the external macro environment where a business operates  [8]  . PESTEL stands for political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors  [9]  . This research will use the PESTEL model to analyze external macro environment of the three companies (Lianhua, Morrisons and Carrefour). Then long-investors will know how the external env ironment influences the three companies further performance in the retail industry and whether investing these three companies can gain more benefits with lower investment risks. SWOT analysis is a scan of the internal and external environment of a company. The internal analysis can conclude a companys strengths and weaknesses. The external analysis can conclude a companys opportunity and threat.  [10]  In this research, it will use SWOT model to analyze each companys internal environment including strengths and weaknesses and each companys external environment including opportunity and threat. So SWOT analysis makes long-term investors identify these three companies competitive advantages and disadvantages over their rivals and it also will point out these three companies external chances and external threats that affect their performance in the market. Thus, the long-term investors can know the investment risks of investing these three companies. Financial ratio analysis is the calculation and comparison of ratios which are derived from the information in a companys financial statements. Financial ratio analysis groups the ratios into categories which tell us about different facts of a companys finances and operations. Leverage Ratios show the extent that debt is used in a companys capital structure. Liquidity Ratios give a picture of a companys short term financial situation or solvency. Profitability Ratios use margin analysis and show the return on sales and capital employed. Solvency Ratios give a picture of a companys ability to generate cash flow and pay it financial obligations.  [11]  The financial statements can be got from three companies annual reports (Lianhua, Morrisons and Carrefour). In this research, financial ratio analysis helps investors see the three companies operation and financial situation. The long-term investors will know each companys financial structure, financial risks and operating performance in the market. Then, the long-term investors can know investing which company will gain more profits with lower investment risks. Step 4: Evaluate After conducting Fundamental analysis covering SWOT analysis, PESTEL analysis, financial analysis of three companies, this research draw the conclusions based on the analyzing results to answer the central question and make the recommendations. 2. Analysis of Lianhua, Morrisons and Carrefour 2.1 Definition of Fundamental Analysis and the reasons for using it Introduction: In this chapter, it will describe the definition of fundamental analysis and the reasons to use it. It also describes the ways to use the fundamental analysis. And all the information could help the long-term investors have a good overview about the fundamental analysis. 2.1.1 Definition of Fundamental Analysis: Fundamental analysis is used to investigate the fundamentals of the three companies (Carrefour Supermarket, Lianhua Supermarket Holdings  Co.,  Ltd, Wm  Morrison  Supermarkets  plc) to determine whether the company is worthy of being invested. The article introduction to fundamental analysis (2012) stated that there are two ways to conduct fundamental analysis, which are quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis  [12]  .The quantitative analysis is to study the three companies financial statements to evaluate the companys financial performance. When examining the companys financial performance, it can use financial ratio theory (trend analysis and vertical analysis) to compare a companys current performance with its historical performance and its competitors current performance. The qualitative analysis will give the investors a more deep insight of the three companies. Graham, B., Dodd and D.L.F (1934) also stated that the qualitative an alysis will be used to evaluate the performance of a company, the scenario of the industry and economic environment a company operates. 2.1.2 The reasons for choosing fundamental analysis: There are many reasons for choosing fundamental analysis. Firstly, fundamental analysis is very helpful for long-term investment based on long-term trend as it predicts long-term demographic, technological or consumer trends, so long-term investors can choose the right industry groups or companies. Secondly, good fundamental analysis helps investors identify companies that represent a good value and disclosure a companys valuable assets, a strong balance sheet, stable earnings, and staying power. Thirdly, the key revenue and profits drivers will be known by the investors after fundamental analysis. The fundamental analysis also makes investors understand the key value drivers and companies within an industry. A companys stock price is affected by its industry group. Lastly, fundamental analysis makes the investors have a deep understanding of a companys business and better position themselves.  [13] Also, the technique analysis focuses on analyzing the short-term trend of a co mpanys shares price. The technique analysis predicts a companys shares price whether increase or decrease in a short period. As this thesis aims at giving long-term investors suggestions, so this thesis chooses to use fundamental analysis to help long-term investors choose which companys share should be invested. 2.1.3 The ways for conducting fundamental analysis According to an article called Fundamental Analysis (2012), it described that fundamental analysis combines economic, industry, and company analysis to derive a shares current fair value and forecast future value  [14]  . At the company level, fundamental analysis will examine a companys financial data, management, business concept and competition (Fundamental Analysis, 2012). Analyzing a companys financial data mainly contains earnings, growth, and value in the market (Ken Little, 2012). Analyzing the qualitative factors of a company includes the analysis of the management team, the analysis of the business model, the analysis of the competitive edge and the analysis of corporate governance policies (Fundamental Analysis of Stocks: Qualitative Factors of the Company, 2012)  [15]  . At the industry level, fundamental analysis will examine the supply and demand of the products in the market (Fundamental Analysis, 2012)  [16]  . The factors sustainability of industr y, growth of industry, companys market share of industry, amount of competing companies and regulations surrounding the industry will be analyzed (Fundamental Analysis of Stocks: Qualitative Factors of the Industry, 2012)  [17]  . For national economy, fundamental analysis may rely on economic data to evaluate the present and future growth of the economy (Fundamental Analysis, 2012)  [18]  . 2.1.4 Conclusion: This chapter told long-term investors the definition, the reasons and methods of fundamental analysis. It shows why this thesis uses fundamental analysis to help long-term investors to analyze a companys share before their investment. This chapter helped the long-term investors know how to use the fundamental analysis to decide whether the retail industry is worthy of being invested and it also helped long-term investors know how to analyze the shares of Lianhua, Carrefour and Morrisons. The current economic factors influencing the retail industry and the PESTEL Analysis of three companies Introduction: The retail industry is an important part of economy and it includes individuals and companies that engage in selling the finished goods to end users (Retail Industry Information, 2011)  [19]  . Also, the retail industry is influenced by economic factors. Besides, the global economy is slowing down, with a likely slower growth in 2012 than that of 2011 in many global leading markets is written in an article called Global Economy Outlook (2012)  [20]  . So this chapter will analyze the economic factors that influence the retail industry in details. In this chapter, it also uses the PESTEL model to analyze external macro environment of the three companies (Lianhua, Morrisons and Carrefour). Then it helps long-term investors know how the external macro environment influences the three companies. 2.2.1 The economic factors influencing the retail industry: The global economic recession which begins 2008 has big influence on the profitability of the retail industry (Diana Wicks, 2012). The global economic recession also influence other factors like consumer trend and access to credit, which is essential to the growth of the retail industry (Diana Wicks, 2012). Low sales lead to low profitability and then it will slow down the growth of the retail industry (Diana Wicks, 2012). The retail industry is influenced by consumer spending greatly and retail sales have close relationship with liquidity and preservation of capital (Christina Pomoni, 2011). The recent slowdown of real estate, increase in energy prices, tight credit lines and general market uncertainty makes a general slowdown of consumer-driven economic growth (Christina Pomoni, 2011). The retail industry can find some silver linings from the cloudy environment and one positive effect of slower global growth is that it will dampen the price of commodity (Global Economic Out look, 2012). It will help the retailers make an improvement on the cost side of the ledger (Global Economic Outlook, 2012). At the same time, Global Economic Outlook (2012) said that a lot of countries including US, Japan, Several western European countries and many leading emerging markets are seeing higher retail price inflation and the stagnant input price suggests possibility of improved profit margins, even in the context of slow top line growth.  [21] After shrinking by 0.2% in the first three months of 2012, the UK economy returned to recession (UK economy in double-dip recession, 2012). There was a decrease in production industries and construction by 0.4%, 3% respectively, while the services sector including retail increased by 0.1 % (UK economy in double-dip recession, 2012). Under the frustration of European debt and weak economy of its trade partners, the growth rate of Chinese GDP will slow down, but Chinese consumption trend still maintains positive as domestic peoples income still continues increasing in china and Chinese government continue launching new policies to expand domestic demand(Rizhong Li,2012). The retail sales have fallen to the second lowest level on record in the three largest euro zone economies (German, France and Italy) and also there was a biggest drop in sales due to the presidential elections since the survey begins in 2004 in France (Eurozone retail sales fall to lowest level since 2008, 2012). 2.2.2 PESTEL model for Lianhua, Morrisons and Carrefour: PESTEL analysis (political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors) is used to identify and analyze the key drivers of change in the business environment (Finn Orfano, 2011). PESTEL analysis allows the companies to assess the current environment and potential changes (Finn Orfano, 2011). PESTEL analysis contains political factors, economic factors, social factors, technological factors and legal factors. Political factors can be known that how the government policy influence the company, for example, tax policy, trade restrictions and tariffs and inter-country relationships, political trends, types of government, war, terrorism, treaties and currency (Renee OFarrell, 2012). Economic factors can be known the monetary impact on the company and the examples include exchange rates, interest rates, inflation, import/export levels, consumer confidence, capital markets and job growth rates (Renee OFarrell, 2012). Social factors can be known that facto rs caused by societys changing tastes, preferences and demands and the examples include disposable income, age distribution, population growth rate, education, diversity, living standards and cultural attitudes(Renee OFarrell, 2012). Technological factors are research and development, new innovations and advancements, transportation, communications and the Internet (Renee OFarrell, 2012). Environmental factors include climate change, climate and weather, as well as attitudes toward the environment (Renee OFarrell, 2012). Legal factors refers to the country in which the company does the company, include antitrust law, consumer law, employment law, health and safety law, and corporate law (Renee OFarrell, 2012). 2.2.3 PESTEL analysis for Lianhua: Political: Chinese government pays much attention to the development of the retail industry (Haiyan Lin, 2011). Since 2009, Chinese government has the policy about created funds for the development of the service industry and rural logistics (Haiyan Lin, 2011). And this will create many opportunities for the development of local companies. As a Chinese local company, Lianhua get a lot of help and support from Chinese government which provides a broad space for the development of Lianhua in the future. Economic: Although the GDP growth of China is estimated to drop from 11.9% in 2007 to 8.2%in 2012(Economist,2008), Chinese domestic demand still remains strong in the next following years as Chinese overall wage growth will lead to the increase of consumption (Aaron Back and Esther Fung, 2011). As a Chinese local company, the strong demand of Chinese domestic market provides a good opportunity to increase the profits of Lianhua in the future. Social: Consumer Confidence Index fluctuated significantly because of food safety incidents (Li Hongfei, Li Ning and Zhang Wenhuan ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2012). But Lianhua has established food safety department and food inspection center and set up long-term food safety supervision mechanism (The Standard Finance, 2011), which will make Lianhua have the competitive advantages in the retail markets. This will be a good sign for long-term investors to investing Lianhua. Technological: Lianhua Supermarket Holdings  Co.,  Ltd integrated the OMS( Operations Management System) of all supermarkets under the Lianhua and Hualian brands to ensured consistency and accuracy of data and unified flow in business, logistics, information and capital with shared information (Ma Xinsheng, 2012). The adoption of information system consolidation enhanced ability of outlet operations and information management, which provide an effective platform for Linahuas whole operation. The effective operation make Linahu a save cost which helps Lianhua gain competitive advantages over its competitors on cost-saving. Environmental: The Chinese government is promoting environmentally friendly and asking the supermarket to reduce package (Promoting Environmentally Friendly Enterprise in China, 2009). The Office for National Statistics (2010) has found that the percentage of consumers using reusable bags has risen and that those cut down the number of plastic bags from the supermarket. Lianhua follow this legislation and do not supply free plastic bags. This cut down Lianhuas overall cost and is helpful for Lianhuas image of corporate responsibility. Legal: According to the Low Pay Commission Report, there has leaded an increase in the minimum wage of 19.7% Report (Chengji Yin, 2012). The increasing wages will make an increase of operating costs of Lianhua, which will decrease the profits. 2.2.4 PESTEL analysis for Morrisons: Political: Currently, the large supermarket chains expanded their activities to supply financial services including credit cards, loans and deposits in Europe (Financial Services Authority, 2010). So the supermarkets are forced to follow the legislation and regulations enacted by the Financial Services Authority in 2010. Thus, it makes a change in Morrisonss financial services or regulation, which will affect Morrisonss profitability. Economic: UK faced economy weakness, weak consumption, rising consumption and debt crisis in Europe in 2011 (Diao Qian, 2011). It will have a big influence on Morriosonss sales as the poor economic situation make people become uncertainty about their future, so more people spend less money in the supermarket and when consumers buy the daily essentials, they prefer to buy cheap products (Edward Garner, 2011). In this situation, it frustrates Morrisonss sales and profit. Social: Edward Garner, director at Kantar Worldpanel ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢ €  2011 ¼Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ° said that shopper trade down to cheaper products and retailers with a low-price message are the driving force in the market. The changes of peoples trend influence Morrisons market share. According to the data from BBC News, it shows that the market share of Morrisons decreased from 12.8% in 2011 to 12.3% in 2012. Technological: Morrisons applied the advanced technology on driving store productivity, tackling indirect procurement and revamping its operation system (Olivia Midgley, 2012). Morrisons adopted the advanced technology to improve its operational efficiency. In the long run, the improvement of operational efficiency will reduce Morrisonss operational cost. This will make Morrisons have the competitive advantages over its competitors. Environmental: Environmental issues become serious and urgent in recent years, each company should obligate its responsibility to protect environment (Oxford University Press, 2012). Morrisons condu cts its social responsibility of protecting environment by reducing waste throughout its direct supply chain. Morrisons will use its unique vertical integration business model to minimize waste during manufacturing, distributing and selling its products (Annual Report of Morrisons, 2011). This system will benefit Morrisonss business financially and environmentally. This system not only helps Morrisons save cost of operation, but also protects the environment, which build a good public image for Morrisons. Legal: Food Retailing Commission forced to use standard pricing in UK (R.YUVARANI, 2011). So retailers can not to change the prices without any notice and it should not demand the payment from suppliers. And Morrisions operates in a fair competition environment and Morrisons do not worry about its competitors using illegal methods to win its current customers. 2.2.5 PESTEL analysis for Carrefour: Political: The European Commission published the new Animal Health Strategy based on the principle that prevention is better than cure (European Commission, 2012). According to this policy, Carrefour should focus on precautionary measures, disease surveillance, controls and research, which will need Carrefour to increase the level of system to make sure food safety. Economic: The emerging markets provides many opportunities such as their high market size and a large number of potential consumers for Carrefour to increase its turnover as the emerging markets are growing faster and it emerges new segments and needs when the GDP per capita increases(Hellal Mariem, 2011). Although the new emergent markets are interesting, there still exist some risks for Carrefour to invest in. In these emergent markets, the emergent markets have a lower GDP per capita ($8,300 in Brazil and 6800 in China) than the developed countries ($29,600 in France or $30,100 in UK) (Hellal Mariem, 2011). Social: The price of products has big influence on the consumers decision-making process for mass commodity goods influenced by the financial crisis and European debt crisis (Josep-Francesc Valls, Marà ­a Josà © Andrade, Raquel Arribas, 2011). Consumers are sensitive to the price of products and prefer to buy products with lower price (Josep-Francesc Valls, Marà ­a Josà © Andrade, Raquel Arribas, 2011). Carrefour launched Discount range in 2009 to meet a fundamental consumer need to optimize peoples purchasing power without comprising on the brands quality (Annual report of Carrefour, 2011), which will make Carrefour attract more customers. Technological: There are a whole range of iPhone TM and Android TM apps available and designed to make shopping easier (Annual report of Carrefour, 2011). Carrefour adopted new Mes courses (My Shopping) application to allow its customers shopping whenever and wherever they want by using their iPhone TM, which makes customers easil y and quickly get access to the products they want (Annual report of Carrefour, 2011 ). There are over 700,000 downloads of the Carrefour mobile apps in France (Annual report of Carrefour, 2011), which is a good sign for Carrefour to increase sales. Environmental: Recently, the retail industry has been influenced by the growing desire to protect the environment and people are more likely to buy environmentally friendly products (Oxford University Press, 2012). So, Carrefours Quality Line specifications contains the criteria like Animal stocking density, equipment to improve comfort at all rearing stages as well as transport and slaughtering conditions (Annual report of Carrefour, 2011). The Carrefours international Central purchasing department also banned all products made with natural fur and all animal testing for its cosmetic product (Annual report of Carrefour, 2011). Legal: As Carrefour is an international supermarket and it is influenced by legal environment where it operates (Hellal Mariem, 2011). Some countries legal barriers may hinder the expansion of the retail industry (Hellal Mariem, 2011). Carrefour has met some tax disputes in Brazil, Argentina, France, Belgium and Spanish, and it has disputes with its current and former employee (Annual report of Carrefour, 2011). These disputes curb Carrefours expansion and frustrate its profits. 2.2.6 Conclusion ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ For Lianhua Lianhua will have a better development environment in the future as Chinese government has the policy for the development of the retail company in China (Haiyan Lin, 2011). But the legislation of Chinese government to increase 19.7% of minimums wages (National Minimum Wage, 2012) increase the administration cost of Lianhua. Also the Consumer Confidence Index fluctuated dramatically because of the food safety accident (Li Hongfei, Li Ning and Zhang Wenhuan ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2012), but Lianhua has established the food safety department to gain the competitive advantages in the Chinese supermarkets (The Standard Finance, 2011), which benefits for the long-term investors investment. Although Lianhua is influenced by the decrease of the GDP, the personal income growth leads to an increase of consumption (Economist, 2008), which will increase the sales of Lianhua and make long-term investors have the profitable investment. For Morrisons Financial crisis and Europe an debt crisis (Financial Services Authority, 2010) have influence on the sales and profits of Morrisons as people prefer to buy low-price product in the supermarket (Edward Garner, 2011). This situation decreased 0.5% market share of Morrisons (Edward Garner, 2011) which will decrease the benefits of long-term investors and increase long-term investors investment risks. But the advanced technology can help Morrisons gain competitive advantages over its competitors as the improvement of operational efficiency (Olivia Midgley, 2012), which is beneficial for long-term investors. Also Morrisons used unique vertical integration business model to protect environment (Annual Report of Morrisons, 2011), which not only helps Morrisons save cost and build good public image, which will decrease the long-term investors investment risks. In addition, the Food Retailing Commission provides a good competition environment for Morrisons (R.YUVARANI, 2011), which will decrease the long-term investor s investment risks. For Carrefour The expansion of Carrefour is influenced by the tax disputes in Brazil and Spanish ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Hellal Mariem, 2011 ¼Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °. For long-term investors, legal problems are uncertainty factors for Carrefours expansion, so investing into Carrefour may be very risky. The strong demand of emerging market attracts Carrefours attention and Carrefour has successfully entered into some emerging market ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Hellal Mariem, 2011). The entry into emerging market will bring more opportunity for Carrefour the increase of sales, which will win more interests for the long-term investors in the future. But there still have some potential risks such as the lower GDP in Brazil (Hellal Mariem, 2011) which will increase the long-term investors investment risks. Also, Carrefours Quality Line Specifications ensured its product safety and protect the animals (Annual report of Carrefour, 2011), which will make a good image of Carrefo ur. Besides, Carrefour can adopt Iphone TM and Android TM technology, which can help Carrefour increase its sales as there are over 700,000 download in France (Peng Qi, 2012). This will help long-term investors gain more benefits in the future. The strengths, weaknesses and core competence of Lianhua, Morrisons and Carrefour Introduction ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ In this chapter, it will use SWOT analysis to help the long-term investors indentify the three companies internal strength, weakness and external opportunity, threat. A SWOT analysis is a tool used to measure a companys strengths, Weaknesses, opportunities and Threats (Liz DiPardo, 2012). Strengths are internal factors favorable for the business plan (Liz DiPardo, 2012). Weaknesses are internal factors harmful for the business plan (Liz DiPardo, 2012). Opportunities are external factors potentially help improve the business (Liz DiPardo, 2012). Threats are external factors that potentially harmful to the business plan (Liz DiPardo, 2012). SWOT analysis is used to help a company investigate new opportunities and solutions to the problems, help the company make the right decision, find new changes and revise its plans (Val Renault, 2012). The advantages of SWOT analysis contains that it just used a little time for the managers to understand how the b usiness runs and anyone with a basic understanding of business can perform this analysis (Jennifer Uhl, 2012). 2.3.1 SWOT analysis for Lianhua, Morrisons and Carrefour: 2.3.2 Lianhua: Strengths: Lianhua Supermarket Holdings  Co.,  Ltd centralized procurement for previous Lianhua and Hualian supermarkets (Aastocks Finance, 2012). Increased centralized procurement from quality suppliers will enhance barging power and gross profit margin. Thus, Linahua will gain competitive advantages over its competitors. Lianhua Supermarket Holdings  Co.,  Ltd integrated the OMS ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Operating management system ¼Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °of all supermarkets under the Lianhua and Hualian brands to ensure consistency and accuracy of data and unified flow in business, logistics, information and capital with shared information (Aastocks Finance, 2012). All of these will enhance ability of outlet operations and information management which laying solid foundation for further business growth. Lianhua adopts management technology including purchasing technology, logistic technology and information technology, and this management technology helps Lianhua decrease its cost by 10% for its whole operation (Li Woke, 2012). The decrease of cost will help the Lianhua gain competitive advantages over its competitors as Lianhua can set lower price of products than its competitors. The profitability of Lianhua kept a stable increase from 2007 and 2011 ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  See appendix 1.1 ¼Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °The increase tendency of the past five years shows that Lianhua have the competence to gain more profits in the competitive markets for long-term investors. Weaknesses: Lianhua had a highly leverage from 2007 to 2011, it means most of Lianhuas asset were supported by debt and Lianhua should pay a lot of interest every year (See appendix1.2). As Lianhua will pay fixed interest for its creditors annual year, the profit of Lianhua will be influenced. Then, the benefits for long-term investors will be influenced. Opportunities: Income of urban citizens grew by 14.1% from 2010, and after deducting price factors , increased by 8.4% in real terms (Report on the work of the Government, 2012). The increase of peoples income is an opportunity for Lianhua as people have more money in hand. With the development of further urbanization, higher resident income levels and improvements in the social security system in China, there will be ample room for the development of the retail industry (Report on the work of the Government, 2011). Consumer Confidence Index fluctuated significantly because of food safety incidents (Li Hongfei, Li Ning and Zhang Wenhuan ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2012). It is an opportunity for Lianhua as Lianhua has established food safety department and food inspection center and set up long-term food safety supervision mechanism (The Standard Finance, 2011) Threats: As some global retailers entered into the markets of China, the competition is very fierce (Zhang Yi, 2005). The entry of international retail companies into Chinese market may decrease the market shares of L ianhua, which may lead a decrease to Lianhuas sales and profits which may increase the long-term investors investment risks. 2.3.3 Morrisons: Strengths: Morrisons offer fresh things and has the space lab (UK Retailers, 2011). The fresh product is a competitive advantage. The fresh products not only can attract more customers but also help Morrisons create brand awareness. Morrisons has consistent financial performance, For example, its profit margin increased from 1.99% in 2007 to 3.99% in 2011(See appendix1.1 ). Morrisons builds a strong position in the market of UK. Morrions still can hold 12.8% market share in the UK after impressive sales as some consumers choose to buy discounters such as Aldi and Lidl (Ben Sillitoe, 2011). Weaknesses: Morrisons had a limited liquidity during 2007 and 2011, although its current ratio, quick ratio and cash ratio was improved year to year during the five years (See appendix1.2). Opportunities: According to a market research, it stated that online sales are anticipated to increase by 67% during 2010 and 2014 (Retail Markets Today and Tomorrow, 2011). So this would be a opportunities as Morrisons plan to invest kiddicare.com for  £70m and FreshDirect for  £32m to launch the e-commerce activities in the coming two years (Annual report of Morrisons, 2011) Threats: According to news called The Economy of the UK, GB, British Isles (2012), it described that the UK faces struggles to recover from the 2008 financial crisis  [22]  . Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) made a report and ranked UK as the slowest growing economy in the G7, with the exception of Japan  [23]  . Morrisons is a local supermarket in the UK and it mainly operates in UKs market, so the slow growth of economy in UK has a big influence on its financial standings The decrease in peoples income and the increase in unemployment harm the spending power of the consumers and affect the buying behaviors of consumers, which will frustrate the sales of Morrisons, especially non-food items ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ben S.Bernanke, 2011). It may be a threat for Morrisons as people spend less money in the supermarket which will influence Morrisonss sales. 2.3.4 Carrefour: Strengths: The strategy of Carrefour aimed at achieving organic, sustained, profitable growth in excess of the broad market growth rate. The strategy has two levels which are client-oriented and culture transformation. For client-oriented, it means getting to know our customers better in order to serve them better. For culture transformation, it means increasing agility, execution quality and competitiveness. ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Anurag Bhargava, Gaurav Tripathi, Nirvan Rustagi and Yudhvir Singh, 2011) Carrefour owns a lot of supermarkets in different areas and countries like Europe, Argentina, Brazil, China, Colombia and in the Dominican Republic, some shops in North Africa and other parts of Asia, which can balance its profits (Annual Report of Carrefour, 2011). It owns different formats of stores in different markets to balance its profits. It owns hyper markets, supermarkets, hard discount and convenience stores (Retail Business Review, 2012). Weaknesses: Carrefou r has a declining profit margin from 2007 to 2011. The profit margin declined from 3.16% in 2007 to 0.64% in 2011(See appendix1.1). Carrefours selling and administrative expenses increased a lot from 2007 to 2011(See appendix1.1). Carrefour did not have a good leverage from 2007 to 2011(See appendix1.2). Opportunities: Retail Industry Information (2011) also stated that many U.S. and European retail chains are expanding globally as the economy in their home country is recovering, opening stores in emerging markets and in countries with thriving economies, also India, China, and Dubai are fertile retail grounds that global retailers are working to cultivate in 2010  [24]  . Expanding in emerging market bring more opportunities for Carrefour in the global market. Carrefour is the leading retailer in terms of organic product sales in France (Annual report of Carrefour, 2011). And The organic food trend of today is growing ever-stronger, and not just for vegetables ev en though at one point organic purchases totally over 40% of all organic buys (Carl Copeland,2012). So this will benefit Carrefours sales. Threats: As the economy do not recover absolutely, customers lack confidence in shopping (Clemons, E.K., 2008). People will spend less money in the supermarket, so the sales of Carrefour will be influenced to some extent. Prices and quantities of materials are strongly influenced by global demand but also by policies in the countries and prices for many raw materials have increased significantly over the past few years (Niels Frank and Rainer Ladermann, 2011). It is a threat for Carrefour as the increasing material price has already led a decrease of Carrefours net income by 1.3% from 2010 to 2011 (Annual report of Carrefour, 2011). 2.3.5 Conclusion: Lianhua adopted modern management technologies to improve companys operational efficiency to control cost on its normal operation, which will benefit the long-term investors investment (Li Woke, 2012). In addition, long-term investors can trust Lianhuas ability of gaining more benefits for them according to Lianhuas stable increase in its profits from 2007 to 2011 ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  See appendix 1.1). But the high leverage of Lianhua (See appendix1.2) may increase the long-tern investors investment risks as Linahua has heavy burden to repay its debt. The growth of income of urban citizen and development of further urban citizen provides Lianhua a good opportunity to increase its sales and profits (Report on the work of the Government, 2012), so it makes the long-term investors have fewer investment risks. The continuous improvement of Morrisonss profit from 2007 to 2011 proves that Morrisonss ability of gaining profits (See appendix1.1), which will decrease the long-term invest ors investment risks. Besides, Morrisons has gained a competitive advantage by offering fresh products (UK Retailer, 2011), so it can benefit the long-term investors investment. And online sales are anticipated to increase by 67% in 2014 is an opportunity for Morrisons to launch the e-commerce activities, which is beneficial for the sales of company Retail Markets Today and Tomorrow, 2011). But the debt crisis in Europe (The Economy of the UK, GB, British Isles, 2012), the decrease in peoples income and the increase in unemployment in UK ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ben S.Bernanke, 2011) will have a negative effect on the development of Morrisons in the future, which will increase the long-term investors investment risks Increased selling and administration expenses of Carrefour had negative influence on Carrefour profit margin and Carrefours profits had a decrease trend from 2007 to 2011 (See appendix1.1), so it will increase the long-term investors investment risks. In addition, custome rs lack confidence in shopping as the economy do not recover in Europe (Clemons, E.K., 2008), which will have negative influence on Carrefours sales in the future and increase the investors investment risks. Although the entry into emerging markets exist a lot of uncertainty factors, the expanding in emerging market will bring more market shares for Carrefour in the global market (Retail Industry Information, 2011),which will benefit the long-term investors. To conclude, although Carrefour has different formats of stores in different supermarkets to balance its profits and opening stores in emerging market provide the opportunity for the global development, the threat of Financial Crisis and Europe Debt Crisis have influence on the Carrefours sales. Also the decreasing profit and increasing administration cost from 2007 to 2011 is not beneficial for the long-term investors and the highly leverage and limited liquidity will increase the long-term investors investment risks. Howeve r, both Lianhua and Morrisons performed better on their solvency than Carrefour and they kept their profit on increasing trend during 2007 and 2011. And the higher income of Chinese citizens and further urban development provides Lianhua more opportunities to develop in the future which is beneficial for long-term investors. And the expected increase of online shopping provides Morrisons an opportunity to increase sales. But the decreased peoples income and increased unemployment in UK will increase the long-term investors investment risks. So investing Lianhua will help long-term investors make a profitable investment with lower investment risks according to SWOT analysis.